MADRID.- Durante la noche del 8 al 9 de marzo tendrá lugar un evento astronómico que tiene lugar cada 13 meses. En concreto, la Tierra y el gigantesco planeta Júpiter se alinearán perfectamente, con el Sol a su espalda. Además, en ese momento, la Tierra estará a la mínima distancia del planeta gaseoso.
Este tipo de fenómenos son muy seguidos por los astrónomos profesionales y aficionados, pues brindan la posibilidad de estudiar los planetas durante toda la noche: al oscurecer, Júpiter aparecerá sobre el horizonte E (oriental), y al amanecer en el horizonte W (oocidental). Además, el planeta estará muy cerca del ecuador celeste (que es la franja que divide el cielo entre el hemisferio norte y el sur). Por ello, Júpiter será visible desde cualquier punto del mundo.
Desde España, se podrá ver a media altura en el cielo mirando en dirección E al amanecer, S a la mitad de la noche y W al fin de la noche.
Todas estas noches de invierno Júpiter ha lucido como una «estrella» majestuosa pero con menos brillo que Sirio, el astro más rutilante del firmamento. Mientras Sirio desaparecerá del firmamento sobre la 1.30, durante la noche del 8 al 9 de marzo no habrá ningún problema para reconocer a Júpiter en el cielo, ya que será con diferencia la «estrella» más brillante.
A 36 minutos luz de la Tierra
Durante las oposiciones los planetas alcanzan la mínima distancia con respecto a la Tierra, que en este caso será de 663.514 km: si un rayo de luz tuviera que recorrer esa distancia, tardaría en hacerlo 36,89 minutos. Por eso, como siempre ocurre al mirar hacia el cielo de la noche, todo lo vemos está en el pasado. Cuanto más lejos se encuentre un objeto, más antiguo será ese pasado.
Además, cuando un planeta está en oposición, se encuentra completamente iluminado: el 100% de la superficie que mira a la Tierra, recibe la luz del Sol. Aunque no siempre es así: al igual que la Luna, algunos planetas tienen fases. Esto ocurre con los planetas interiores a la Tierra como Mercurio y Venus. Sin embargo, aquellos cuerpos cuyas órbitas están por detrás de la Tierra, apenas experimentan cambios de fase.
El mejor momento para verlo
Con unos simples prismáticos de unos 20 aumentos se podrá ver a Júpiter como una pequeña bolita y a sus cuatro principales satélites, de los más de 60 que posee este sistema solar en miniatura. Si no vemos a los cuatro satélites: Ío, Europa, Ganimedes y Calisto, es porque alguno de ellos puede que esté o delante o detrás del planeta. A partir de las 22:37 y las 0:56 horas se podrán ver tres de ellos.
En concreto, a las 22:37 horas se podrá ver el primer acontecimiento en Júpiter; la ocultación por detrás del planeta, del satélite con más actividad volcánica del Sistema Solar: Ío. Este reaparecerá a las 00:56 h. Será como una estrellita, pero hay que imaginar un mundo del tamaño de nuestra Luna, con colores tan llamativos como el amarillo, el rojo, el azul, el naranja o el verde. Un auténtico mundo cubierto de lava volcánica que se mueve a gran velocidad. Sus volcanes son tan potentes que en ocasiones proyectan el material expulsado hacia el espacio para no regresar jamás.
Para mirar a través del telescopio
Con un pequeño telescopio y mucho mejor si es mediano o grande, apreciaremos la evolución de la Gran Mancha Roja de Júpiter, una tormenta que a veces es 4 veces mayor que la Tierra, es un vórtice de altas presiones. Este inmenso «ojo», se hará visible entre las 00,30 y las 5 de la mañana, de la madrugada del día 9.
Aunque en la noche del 8 al 9 e marzo no se producirá, algunos de estos inmensos satélites (Ganímedes es mayor que el planeta Mercurio), proyectan sus sombras sobre el gigante planeta. En ocasiones podríamos ver cuatro círculos oscuros sobre Júpiter, cuatro sombras que se desplazan con aparente rapidez. Si estuviéramos metidos en cualquiera de estas sombras, veríamos un eclipse total de Sol.
No obstante, también podemos deleitarnos con la observación más fácil de las bandas multicolores que se extiende de un lado al otro de Júpiter y en paralelo al ecuador. Las bandas blancas o claras, concentran mayor cantidad de amoníaco, son más densas y están a mayor altitud que las bandas oscuras. En las bandas claras el aire asciende y expande, en las oscuras desciende.
Si hemos terminado con Júpiter o mientras tanto y si aguantamos hasta las 2:10 horas podremos ver salir por el horizonte SE una estrella roja y brillante. Es Marte. Pero aún más interesante se pone la noche a las 4:20 horas, cuando haga su aparición lo más bello del firmamento: Saturno y sus anillos. Todo ello es mejor verlo con un telescopio aunque sea pequeño.
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