Donald Trump le cerró la puerta en la cara al gigante de las telecomunicaciones chino, Huawei, el miércoles a la noche, en un nuevo capítulo de la guerra comercial entre Estados Unidos.
China advirtió este jueves que tomará las medidas que hagan falta para proteger los intereses de las empresas de su país. Y Huawei señaló que la decisión de Estados Unidos plantea, para empezar, problemas legales.
Trump sorprendió el miércoles a la noche al declarar la emergencia nacional y prohibir así a las compañías locales utilizar equipos de firmas que podrían hacer espionaje, en otras palabras.
En un comunicado, Huawei subrayó que impedir su presencia en Estados Unidos no hará que el país sea “más seguro o más fuerte”, sino que solo servirá para limitar este mercado con “alternativas más caras y de menor calidad, dejando a EE.UU. rezagado en el despliegue de 5G y perjudicando los intereses de sus empresas y consumidores.
Trump dio instrucciones a su secretario de Comercio, Wilbur Ross, que prohibía las transacciones “que suponen un riesgo inaceptable” pero no nombró a ninguna empresa o país en particular. No hizo falta.
China y Huawei reaccionaron inmediatamente
La reacción de Beijing
“Nadie ve este movimiento como constructivo o amistoso y urgimos a Estados Unidos a cesar de usar estas prácticas”, expresó el vocero del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores chino Lu Kang.
Kang dijo que China “se opone a los países que crean problemas con el tema de la seguridad nacional como excusa” y aseguró que las empresas extranjeras en el país asiático “no tienen de que preocuparse si se encuentran en situación legal”.
“El gobierno chino siempre ha requerido a las empresas que operan en el exterior que cumplan con las leyes de los países a los que vayan”, dijo Lu.
El Ministerio de Comercio chino instó también este jueves a Estados Unidos a “detener el error” de poner en práctica “una orden ejecutiva (decreto) que ordena la exclusión de Huawei”.
El gigante de las comunicaciones calificó de “irracionales” las restricciones, que plantearán otros graves problemas legales. Se mostró “listo y dispuesto” a colaborar con el gobierno de Estados Unidos y proponer medidas efectivas para garantizar la seguridad del producto.
China además instó a Estados Unidos a “respetar las reglas del mercado” y proveer un entorno empresarial “transparente e imparcial” para las empresas extranjeras.
El decreto de Trump
El decreto de Trump invoca la Ley de Poderes Económicos de Emergencia Internacional, que da al presidente la autoridad de regular el comercio en respuesta a una emergencia nacional que amenace a Estados Unidos. La medida ordena al Departamento de Comercio, que trabaja con otras agencias del Gobierno, a presentar un plan de aplicación dentro de 150 días.
En un comunicado difundido por la Casa Blanca, el mandatario estadounidense justifica su decisión por los ataques recibidos por “adversarios extranjeros” que tratan de “explotar debilidades en los sistemas de información y comunicación” de su país.
En este sentido, Trump ha explicado que esta amenaza existe por el uso personal de dispositivos o servicios ofrecidos por aquellas empresas que tratan de llevar a cabo un espionaje centrado en la economía y la industria de los Estados Unidos.
“Las compañías de telecomunicaciones chinas como Huawei sirven efectivamente como un brazo de inteligencia del Partido Comunista Chino”, dijo el senador republicano Tom Cotton, tras la declaración de emergencia de Trump.
“La administración tiene razón al restringir el uso de sus productos”, sostuvo.
Arresto en Canadá
No es la primera vez que Estados Unidos carga contra Huawei. Canadá detuvo a pedido de Washington a una alta ejecutiva de la firma, Meng Wanzhou, en diciembre.
La mujer, jefa de Finanzas de Huawei e hija del fundador de la compañía, fue detenida el sábado 1 de diciembre.
Wanzhou está acusada en Estados Unidos de fraude y conspiración, se encuentra en libertad bajo fianza y tiene prohibido abandonar su mansión en Vancouver.
El departamento de Justicia de Canadá ya emitió una autorización para proceder formalmente a iniciar el proceso de extradición.
En enero, el Departamento de Justicia de Estados Unidos acusó a Huawei, a dos compañías afiliadas y a Meng de trece cargos de fraude y conspiración para saltarse las sanciones impuestas por Washington a Irán.
Un gigante que no para de crecer
Huawei es en concreto el gigante chino que ya superó a Apple y ahora va por Samsung. El 1987, Ren Zhengfeien fundó la firma con US$ 5.600. Hoy es uno de los colosos de la telefonía mundial.
Huawei es un importante proveedor de redes pero también uno de los principales fabricantes de smartphones. Recientemente consiguió desbancar a la estadounidense Apple del segundo puesto en cuota de mercado mundial, solo por detrás de Samsung.
Cuando sus servicios fueron contratados para la la construcción y desarrollo de infraestructuras nacionales chinas, la empresa despegó.
Hoy, Huawei es el tercer fabricante de smartphones más grande del mundo,
En la noche del martes, Trump le cerró la puerta en la cara, en lo que muchos interpretan es una medida de fuerza contra China en la pulseada comercial que sostienen Beijing y Washington en la aplicación de aranceles.
Las negociaciones con China y los aranceles
Es más, Trump cierra el paso a Huawei para reactivar las negociaciones comerciales con China.
Según escribe la corresponsal en Washington de La Vanguardia, Beatriz Navarro, la decisión está hecha a medida de China, con un doble objetivo. Por un lado, cerrar el paso a sus compañías tecnológicas y en especial a Huawei, ante el escaso éxito de su ofensiva para que otros países no le confíen el desarrollo de sus redes 5G porque, alega, el Partido Comunista puede acceder a esas comunicaciones. Y, por otro, presionar a Beijing para reactivar las conversaciones comerciales y llegar a un acuerdo que ponga fin a la costosa guerra arancelaria entre las dos potencias.
La Administración Trump lleva alrededor de un año sopesando la medida, que el Departamento de Comercio tiene un plazo de cinco meses para llevar a cabo y someterá a evaluación dentro de 40 días.
La otra “víctima” del decreto de Trump también es una firma china: ZTE, un proveedor global de equipamiento de telecomunicaciones y soluciones de redes.
Desde que un informe del Congreso consideró que tanto Huawei como ZTE suponen un riesgo para la seguridad nacional, las grandes compañías telefónicas han dejado poco a poco de vender sus aparatos y han buscado empresas alternativas para desarrollar sus redes 5G.
Las pequeñas compañías de zonas rurales en Estados Unidos, sin embargo, más sensibles al factor precio, han advertido al gobierno que el veto a Huawei tendría un costo excesivo para ellas.
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