CHINA.- China ha establecido la primera red de comunicación cuántica integrada del mundo: más de 700 fibras ópticas con dos enlaces tierra-satélite para distribuir claves cuánticas en 4.600 kilómetros. El equipo, liderado por Jianwei Pan, Yuao Chen, Chengzhi Peng de la Universidad de Ciencia y Tecnología de China en Hefei (USTC), informó en Nature sobre sus últimos avances hacia la aplicación práctica y global de dicha red para comunicaciones futuras.
A diferencia del cifrado convencional, la comunicación cuántica se considera imposible de piratear y, por lo tanto, el futuro de la transferencia segura de información para bancos, redes eléctricas y otros sectores.
El núcleo de la comunicación cuántica es la distribución de claves cuánticas (QKD), que utiliza los estados cuánticos de las partículas, por ejemplo, fotones: para formar una cadena de ceros y unos, mientras que cualquier interferencia entre el emisor y el receptor cambiará esta cadena o clave y se notará de inmediato.
Hasta ahora, la tecnología QKD más común utiliza fibras ópticas para transmisiones de varios cientos de kilómetros, con alta estabilidad pero considerable pérdida de canal. Otra importante tecnología QKD utiliza el espacio libre entre los satélites y las estaciones terrestres para transmisiones a miles de kilómetros.
En 2016, China lanzó el primer satélite de comunicaciones cuánticas del mundo (QUESS, o Mozi / Micius) y logró QKD con dos estaciones terrestres separadas por 2.600 kilómetros. En 2017, se completó una red de fibra óptica de más de 2.000 km de longitud para QKD entre Pekín y Shanghai.
Mediante el uso de relés confiables, la red de fibra terrestre y los enlaces de satélite a tierra se integraron para brindar servicio a más de 150 usuarios industriales en China, incluidos bancos estatales y locales, redes eléctricas municipales y sitios web de administración electrónica.
“Nuestro trabajo muestra que la tecnología de comunicación cuántica está lo suficientemente madura para aplicaciones prácticas a gran escala”, dijo Jianwei Pan, profesor de la USTC.
De manera similar, se puede establecer una red de comunicación cuántica global si se combinan las redes cuánticas nacionales de diferentes países, y si las universidades, instituciones y empresas se unen para estandarizar los protocolos, hardware, etc. relacionados, agregó.
En los últimos años, el equipo probó y mejoró ampliamente el rendimiento de diferentes partes de la red integrada. Por ejemplo, con una frecuencia de reloj aumentada y un protocolo QKD más eficiente, el QKD de satélite a tierra ahora tiene una tasa promedio de generación de claves de 47,8 kilobits por segundo, que es 40 veces mayor que la tasa anterior.
Los investigadores también han llevado el récord de QKD en tierra más allá de los 500 kilómetros utilizando una nueva tecnología llamada QKD de campo doble (TF-QKD). A continuación, el equipo ampliará aún más la red en China y con sus socios internacionales de Austria, Italia, Rusia y Canadá.
También tienen como objetivo desarrollar satélites QKD y receptores terrestres a pequeña escala y rentables, así como satélites de órbita terrestre media y alta para lograr QKD de nivel de diez mil kilómetros todo el tiempo.
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