La ley, adoptada por la Asamblea Nacional a iniciativa de Macron, permite a los centros usar los aparatos para fines pedagógicos.
El cambio en el redactado de la ley es sutil y la discusión, bizantina, pero el simbolismo es fuerte: Francia quiere preservar a la escuela de la omnipresencia de las pantallas.
La Asamblea Nacional adoptó este jueves una enmienda para prohibir en las aulas, el patio y las actividades extraescolares el uso de teléfonos móviles a partir del próximo curso escolar. La prohibición se aplica a las escuelas primarias e intermedias, hasta los 15 años, y no incluye el liceo, o instituto secundario. Deja un margen a cada establecimiento para regular la aplicación de la norma: dónde guardar los teléfonos (en un casillero o en la cartera) o cómo castigar a quienes desobedezcan. Y permite excepciones para el uso pedagógico de los aparatos.
La ley responde a una promesa electoral del presidente Emmanuel Macron. Traduce en la práctica la filosofía educativa del ministro del ramo, Jean-Michel Blanquer, partidario del regreso a los fundamentos tradicionales, y convencido de que el aula es “una pequeña república, donde se aprende a escuchar, a entenderse, a cooperar y aprender lo que está juego en la vida colectiva”, como escribe en su último libro, Construisons ensemble l’école de la confiance(Construyamos juntos la escuela de la confianza)
La ley, pendiente del voto del Senado, se aprobó con los votos de la mayoría presidencial. La propuesta consiste en modificar el artículo 515 del Código de la Educación, adoptado en 2010. El texto original decía: “En las escuelas maternales, las escuelas elementales y los colegios, la utilización durante la actividad de enseñanza y en los lugares previstos por el reglamento interior, por parte un alumno, de un teléfono móvil está prohibida”. El nuevo texto corrige: “Excepto en los lugares donde, en las condiciones que se precisen, el reglamento interior lo autorice expresamente, el uso de un teléfono móvil por parte de un alumno está prohibido en las escuelas maternales, las escuelas elementales y los colegios”.
Captar la diferencia entre ambas leyes exige uno de estos ejercicios de comentario de texto que constituyen una seña de identidad del sistema educativo francés. Según la oposición, la ley es una “operación de comunicación”, pura gestualidad política sin efectos tangibles. La mitad de los centros ya aplicaba la prohibición. La mayoría presidencial sostiene que el nuevo texto ofrece una base jurídica más sólida para afrontar un problema que la legislación actual ha dejado irresuelto. El 93% de los menores de entre 12 y 17 años en Francia tiene teléfono móvil. Los legisladores argumentan que los teléfonos móviles favorecen el ciberacoso y exponen a los alumnos a imágenes de violencia y pornografía, además de disminuir la concentración. El problema, añaden, no es sólo su presencia en las aulas sino en el patio, donde “puede resultar nefasto al reducir la actividad física y limitar las interacciones sociales entre los alumnos”.
Blanquer explicar en su libro el sentido de la ley, más ambiciosa de lo que deja suponer el texto. Se trata, escribe, de “recuperar el uso razonable del portátil […] y proponer a nuestro hijos una experiencia de vida en la que la pantalla no sea el centro”. La lección vale para los alumnos y para los adultos.
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