El mundo de la ciencia está expectante ante la presentación este miércoles de “un resultado de impacto” del Telescopio del Horizonte de Sucesos (EHT), que se desvela en seis ruedas de prensa simultáneas y que podría tratarse de la presentación de la primera imagen de un agujero negro.
“Hemos visto lo que creíamos invisible. Este es un logro increíble”, celebraron los investigadores al presentar el hito.
La histórica fotografía, obtenida a partir de una red ocho observatorios situados en distintos puntos del mundo, consiste en un anillo con una mitad más luminosa que la otra, que corresponde al agujero negro supermasivo ubicado en el centro de la galaxia M87, a 53,3 millones de años luz de la Tierra.
“Estamos dando a la Humanidad la primera imagen de un agujero negro; es una puerta de salida de nuestro Universo“, manifestó Sheperd S. Doeleman, del Centro de Astrofísica Harvard & Smithsonian y director de proyecto del EHT. El científico destacó que es “una proeza científica sin precedentes lograda por un equipo de más de 200 investigadores”.
Un agujero negro es un objeto celeste que posee una masa extremadamente importante en un volumen muy pequeño. En comparación, es como si la Tierra estuviera comprimida en un dedal o el sol únicamente midiera 6 kilómetros de diámetro, explicó recientemente Guy Perrin, astrónomo del Observatorio de París-PSL.
Los dos agujeros negros estudiados desde ocho puntos de la Tierra por el proyecto son del tipo supermasivos: se hallan en el centro de las galaxias y su masa está comprendida entre un millón y miles de millones de veces la del sol.
Uno, Sagitario A*, se halla en el centro de la Vía Láctea, a 26.000 años luz de la Tierra. Su masa equivale a 4,1 millones de veces la del Sol. Su radio mide una décima parte de la distancia entre la Tierra y el Sol.
El otro es uno de los agujeros negros más masivos de los que se conocen, con una masa 6.000 millones de veces superior a la del sol y 1.500 a la de Sgr A*. Está situado a 50 millones de años luz de la Tierra, en el centro de la galaxia M87.
Bajo el efecto de la enorme atracción gravitacional, las estrellas más cercanas a estos “monstruos” son achatadas, estiradas y dislocadas y su gas se calienta a temperaturas extremas.
El físico John Archibald Wheeler inventó el término “agujero negro” en los años 1960, aunque no son agujeros ni negros, pero su nombre ha influido en el imaginario colectivo.
Según la ley de la relatividad general publicada en 1915 por Albert Einstein, que permite explicar su funcionamiento, la atracción gravitacional de estos “monstruos” cósmicos es tal que no se les escapa nada: ni la materia, ni la luz, sea cual sea su longitud de onda.
Por lo tanto, no se pueden observar directamente. Además, la fuerza de gravedad que emana del agujero negro es tan fenomenal que no se ha logrado recrear en laboratorio.
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