En el sitio web dedicado a la “legendaria ciudad maya de Chichén Itzá”, el gobierno de Yucatán presume que el sitio arqueológico es “Patrimonio de la Humanidad declarada por la Unesco desde 1988 y Maravilla del Mundo desde 2007”.
Sin embargo, su estatuto de “maravilla del mundo” se encuentra en riesgo: el pasado mes de abril, New7Wonders (N7W), la organización privada radicada en Suiza que otorgó el sello turístico a Chichén Itzá, exige a las autoridades mexicanas atender una serie de recomendaciones para no retirarle la distinción, según publicó el sitio web de Proceso.
Su principal exigencia toca un tema sensible en la región: consiste en “reubicar” a los cerca de 800 vendedores y artesanos mayas que operan en Chichén Itzá –muchos de los cuales provienen de poblados pertenecientes al vecino municipio de Tinum– en un espacio comercial ubicado fuera del sitio.
La organización afirma que su presencia en los “sacbés” del sitio daña la “experiencia del turista”, un argumento que emplea la industria del turismo en Chichén Itzá desde hace años.
Desde diciembre del año pasado, la administración de Rolando Zapata Bello, el gobernador de Yucatán, niega que la distinción de “maravilla del mundo moderno” de Chichén Itzá se encuentre en riesgo; sin embargo, Jean-Paul De La Fuente, director de la organización suiza, confirma a Aproque “si no pasa nada, el riesgo es muy alto de que Chichén Itzá pierda el estatuto”.
Distintos actores de la región se dividen la derrama económica que dejan los cerca de dos millones de turistas que acuden cada año al sitio arqueológico, el segundo más visitado de México, después de Teotihuacán. En los primeros nueve meses del año, lo visitaron un millón 180 mil 998 turistas foráneos y 350 mil 854 mexicanos.
De la venta de entradas, el Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia (INAH) se embolsó 99 millones 570 mil pesos y el estado de Yucatán –que opera una segunda caseta de cobro—obtuvo ingresos por 217 millones 353 mil pesos en el mismo periodo.
Para los operadores turísticos de Yucatán y Quintana Roo, el sitio arqueológico también es un jugoso negocio. Las excursiones que salen de Cancún, Mérida o la Riviera Maya hacia el sitio arqueológico son sus productos más vendidos, y su costo va de los 60 a los 120 dólares.
Este poderoso sector empresarial lleva años reclamando la expulsión de los artesanos de la zona arqueológica, con el argumento de que “acosan” a los turistas.
Sergio González Rubiera, presidente de la Asociación Mexicana de Agencias de Viajes (AMAV) en Quintana Roo –la cual agrupa 57 empresas que mueven a su vez cerca de siete millones de turistas al año–, dice que Chichén Itzá representa 40 por ciento de las ventas de excursiones.
El “ambulantaje”, afirma, genera “cierta mala imagen al turismo porque (los vendedores) no están regulados, no están en orden y algunos incluso son más agresivos que otros”. “Quizá algunos turistas lo ven como parte del folclor mexicano, pero aun así deberían estar en situaciones dignas fuera del sitio”, sostiene.
Vendedores organizados temen que el gobierno estatal los desaloje de Chichén Itzá. Es más, se dicen víctimas de una campaña de difamación y denuncian que los empresarios del sector turístico buscan despojarlos de su principal fuente de ingreso.
“Solo quieren que los dejen trabajar”, explica Villevaldo Pech Moo, asesor legal de un grupo de artesanos de Chichén Itzá a esta agencia.
Añade: “Quieren los mismos derechos que tienen los grandes empresarios (…) se dedican a la venta de artesanías en la zona desde hace décadas, aunque puedo pensar que hay cosas de China pero son de menor cantidad, y exigen el respecto a sus derechos como comunidad indígena”.
“En sus reuniones, los artesanos han dicho que en caso de desalojo, se van a defender, pueden bloquear los caminos o los accesos a Cancún”, advierte.
Dafne López Martínez, director general del Patronato Cultur –una dependencia del gobierno de Yucatán—e interlocutor principal de la organización N7W, niega “rotundamente” que el gobierno quiera desalojar los vendedores.
En entrevista con Apro, el funcionario dice que la administración estatal trata de “mediar entre los intereses de este sector” y precisa que “no es un tema exclusivo del gobierno de Yucatán, el INAH tiene el resguardo del sitio arqueológico”.
Interrogado acerca de una posible supresión del estatuto de maravilla del mundo a Chichén Itzá, el funcionario insiste: “Yo no lo describiría como un riesgo (…) respondería esta pregunta cuando esté inminente esta situación”.
Reclamos
En abril pasado, nueve años después de otorgar al castillo su estatuto de nueva maravilla del mundo, un equipo de N7W visitó Chichén Itzá para su Programa de Verificación, Información y Mejora, un proceso por el que pasó la Gran Muralla de China.
El objetivo de la visita, según el informe preliminar –en posesión de este semanario–, consistió en “asegurarse que el estatuto de nueva maravilla del mundo todavía se merece y se respeta”. Los integrantes de N7W observaron una serie de irregularidades que, a su juicio, ponen en riesgo el sello turístico.
“La parte más difícil de la experiencia es la intensa presencia de vendedores de recuerdos y mercancías dentro del propio sitio. Ése ha sido el cambio más dramático desde la visita del 2007 y no parece que exista una explicación coherente sobre cómo esta situación pudo alcanzar esta magnitud (…) Parece que es una operación organizada y sustancialmente comercial”, sentenció el informe.
Notó que la mayoría de los vendedores ofrecen productos de mala calidad ajenos a la región maya y planteó que son pocos los “artesanos independientes” en el sitio; asimismo, aseveró que “es una experiencia triste ver la ‘migración’ diaria de los vendedores hacia el sitio”.
“La situación no puede continuar”, añadió, al afirmar que “los vendedores deben ser reubicados en un nuevo lugar, afuera y cerca del sitio principal donde todavía podrán operar con éxito”.
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