El coronavirus ha mantenido las emisiones contaminantes a raya en Europa, pero la reducción de emisiones requiere de una transición energética hacia fuentes menos contaminantes, y aquí es donde entra en juego el litio. Pero la carrera por conseguir una fuente constante de este material puede causar importantes daños al medio ambiente.
El litio es un metal que se puede emplear en distintos ámbitos, como el tratamiento de psicopatologías o la síntesis de compuestos orgánicos, pero también cuenta con un gran potencial electroquímico, lo cual hace que sea utilizado como ánodo en baterías eléctricas. Es decir, prácticamente cualquier aparato que utilices con batería, utiliza litio. Los móviles son el ejemplo más claro, y los coches eléctricos no son una excepción.
Portugal es uno de los países que ahora mismo cuenta las minas sin explotar de este material más atractivas para Europa. El gobierno luso está preparándose para comenzar a ofrecer licencias para la extracción de este “petróleo blanco”, algo que ayudaría a que Europa contara con un suministro constante, con precios más bajos para este material que si lo importara de otros países.
El debate respecto al auge minero del litio ha comenzado en muchos lugares, ya que también hay minas en países como Austria, Serbia o Finlandia, sin embargo, la carrera por este metal puede causar aún más daños al medio ambiente, amparado, eso sí, en reducir las emisiones de carbono.
Obviamente, estas explotaciones mineras cuentan con detractores, y en Portugal, los grupos en contra de la minería reclaman un mayor cuidado de sus entornos rurales, y exigen que el gobierno mantenga un diálogo con la ciudadanía para hablar sobre el modelo de desarrollo que quieren.
Se espera un aumento de la industria de reciclaje de este material, aunque, como recuerda The Guardian, reciclar este material cuesta más que extraerlo, por lo que puede ser difícil encontrar iniciativa privada en una actividad que, como tal, no es rentable. La alternativa del grafeno siempre está ahí, igual que la del silicio, pero aún no ha llegado a materializarse.
El pasado mes de agosto las ventas de vehículos eléctricos han batido récords, con 230.700 matriculaciones, un 130% más que en el mismo mes de 2019. Las estimaciones dicen que a la altura de 2030 habrá 40 millones de puntos de carga de coches eléctricos, y la minería parece ser la parte oculta de esta transición energética, pero la búsqueda de alternativas sigue ahí, y es posible que cobre una mayor importancia en los años venideros.
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