Cuando llega el otoño, las mariposas monarca emprenden el mayor viaje de sus vidas. Vuelan entre Canadá y México. Más de 4.000 kilómetros que repiten de forma instintiva generación tras generación y que parecen impresos en su material genético. La evolución les ha regalado una brújula interna que utiliza el transcurso del tiempo y la posición del Sol para dirigirse hacia el suroeste. Ahora un grupo de investigadores ha conseguido crear un modelo matemático, publicado por la revista Cell Reports, que reproduce los cálculos internos que lleva a cabo el cerebro de estos animales.
“Las monarcas utilizan una brújula solar para migrar, pero la posición del Sol no es suficiente para determinar la dirección correcta. Necesitan combinar esa información con el momento del día para saber a dónde ir”, afirma Eli Shlizerman, matemática aplicada en la Universidad de Washington. Para ello disponen de un mecanismo molecular en sus antenas que funciona como reloj. Además, sus grandes y complejos ojos les informan de la posición del astro rey. De este modo, si necesitan volar al suroeste por la mañana lo harán con el Sol a su izquierda, mientras que si lo hacen por la tarde lo dejarán a su derecha.
Sin embargo, “todavía no entendemos cómo este reloj y la brújula solar hablan entre sí para orientar el vuelo. Desde el punto de vista de la neurobiología, ésta es la principal pregunta”, explica Steven Reppert, neurocientífico en la Escuela de Medicina de la Universidad de Massachusetts.
Para resolver este misterio, Shlizerman y Daniel Forger, matemático aplicado de la Universidad de Michigan, han desarrollado un modelo de ecuaciones que explica la actividad neuronal de estas mariposas. El resultado ha sido satisfactorio para Forger: “Examinamos en detalle diferentes comportamientos durante el vuelo de las mariposas y el modelo fue capaz de reproducirlos. Es emocionante”.
El siguiente paso es utilizar la información que proporciona este modelo para desentrañar la maquinaria biológica que hace posible este mecanismo. Para Reppert, “esto pone de manifiesto que no sólo se trata de animales bellos. Son un tesoro biológico”.
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