El caso del iPhone de Syed Rizwan Farook, uno de los terroristas del atentado de San Bernardino, en el que perdieron la vida 14 personas, se está convirtiendo enun auténtico dilema ético.
Por un lado, el FBI necesita descrifrar el teléfono por si dentro del dispositivo hay información crucial sobre el Daesh o futuros atentados. En favor de la seguridad,un tribunal emitió una orden que obligaba a Apple a desencriptar el teléfono.
Por otro lado, el CEO de Apple, Tim Cook, se niega a cumplir dicha orden, pues para hacerlo, la compañía tendría que crear una nueva versión de iOS que permitiese al FBI averiguar el PIN sin que el teléfono se bloquee tras 10 intentos infructuosos. El motivo que ofrece es simple y claro: “sentaría un peligroso precedente” y crearía “una puerta trasera” para descifrar cualquier iPhone, de forma que incluso podría caer en malas manos y ser utilizada como una herramienta de cibercrimen o ciberespionaje. Cook llegó a decir que entrar en el iPhone de Syed Farook sería el “equivalente en software al cáncer”.
James Comey, el director del FBI, explicó que la agencia no quiere sentar un precedente. “Simplemente queremos tener la oportunidad, con una orden de registro, de tratar de adivinar la contraseña del terrorista sin que el teléfono auto-destruya sus datos si fallamos las 10 oportunidades de adivinarla. Eso es todo. No queremos romper el cifrado de cualquier persona o conjunto una llave maestra suelta en la tierra”. El caso es que el FBI habría cometido un error al intentar acceder a la cuenta de iTunes del terrorista, de forma que se activó el mecanismo de seguridad de Apple. “Ya hay una puerta en ese iPhone. Le estamos pidiento a Apple que quite al perro guardián despiadado y nos deje quitar la cerradura”, dijo Comey en el Congreso. “No poder acceder a esas pruebas tendrá repercusiones significativas en nuestra capacidad para identificar, detener y enjuiciar a delincuentes”.
A favor de Apple salieron a la luz importantes voces del mundo de la tecnología, como Facebook, Google, Whatsapp, Microsoft o Twitter; pero también fundaciones en defensa de los derechos civiles y políticos. Incluso el exagente de la CIA y la NSA Edward Snowden tuvo algo que decir, pues este caso le toca de cerca, ya que fue él quien reveló las operaciones de espionaje masivo que estaba realizando el gobierno de Estados Unidos a través de la NSA. “El FBI está creando un mundo en el que los ciudadanos confían en Apple para defender sus derechos, y no al revés”, escribió en su Twitter.
De hecho, cada vez son más los que se unen a la protesta de Tim Cook. Este jueves unas 40 empresas tecnológicas, organizaciones, académicos y reconocidos expertos en seguridad han presentado argumentos legales a favor de la empresa de Cupertino. De hecho, incluso la operadora AT&T, que en un inicio instó a Apple a colaborar con el FBI, ha cambiado su versión y ahora prefiere que esto se resuelva en el Congreso. “Este caso involucra dos intereses que todos los estadounidenses comparten: mantener seguros a nuestros ciudadanos y proteger nuestra privacidad personal”, escribió David McAtee, el principal asesor legal de AT&T en el blog de la compañía.
El mismo día, sin embargo, algunos familiares de las víctimas del ataque terrorista en San Bernardino también presentaron un escrito legal contra la decisión de Apple. “Uno no tiene derecho a privacidad si ha cometido un crimen”, explican, refugiándose en los argumentos de que el gobierno ha emitido una orden válida y que la compañía tecnológica “modifica rutinariamente sus sistemas” para cumplir con las directivas de China.
La posición de la ONU
El debate ético ha llegado a tal punto que hasta ha querido tomar parte la ONU. “Hay muchas formas de investigar si los responsables tenían cómplices, no hace falta forzar a Apple a crear programas informáticos para minar los elementos de seguridad de sus propios teléfonos”, declaró el responsable de derechos humanos de la organización, Zeid Ra’ad Al Husein. “Con el fin de resolver un tema de seguridad relativo a la encriptación en un caso, las autoridades corren el riesgo de abrir una caja de Pandora con implicaciones muy perjudiciales para los derechos humanos de millones de personas, incluyendo su seguridad física y financiera”, opinó.
Zeid, aunque subrayó que el FBI merece apoyo total en sus investigaciones de este “abominable crimen” para que ningún cómplice puede escapar de la ley, explicó que las herramientas de encriptación no sólo son usadas por terroristas, sino que “son ampliamente utilizadas en todo el mundo, incluso por los defensores de los derechos humanos, la sociedad civil, periodistas, informantes y disidentes políticos que afrontan persecución y acoso” para mantener su anonimato, por lo que sin estas herramientas “podría haber vidas en peligro”. Así, este representante de la ONU aseguró que si Apple perdiese este caso ante los tribunales “sería un regalo para regímenes autoritarios, así como para delincuentes informáticos”, pues sería imposible para esta y otras compañías proteger la privacidad de sus clientes.
“El debate en torno a la encriptación está demasiado centrado en una cara de la moneda de la seguridad: la lucha contra el terrorismo. El otro lado es que esta debilitación de nuestras protecciones podría poner aún más en peligro esta seguridad, tanto a nivel nacional como internacional”, concluyó.
La posición de las redes sociales
“Ey, FBI, si queréis que Apple trabaje para vosotros, comprad la compañía”, se puede leer en una imagen compartida en Twitter.
“Parad esta locura – primero es una puerta trasera para el iPhone, después será 1984, ¿ninguno de ustedes lo ha leído?”, dice otro twittero, refiriéndose al libro de Orwell, en el que un “gran hermano” vigila a toda la población.
“Estoy con Apple. Gracias por proteger mi información”, dice otro usuario de la red social mientras comparte un argumento de Bill Gates en contra de Tim Cook.
Tres tweets que reflejan el sentir general de la población que se pronuncia en este debate. Existe un gran grupo de usuarios que comparten noticias con titulares a favor de Apple y que hablan de que la insistencia del FBI incita al miedo. “No tengo nada que esconder, y no me da miedo que hurguen en mi teléfono, pero la insistencia de un gobierno, sea cual sea, para ejercer ese control…eso sí que me da miedo”, dijo un usuario de El Mundo en una de las noticias sobre el caso. “No estoy de acuerdo con los gobiernos, cualquier comunicación es privada, sea de quién sea. La tecnología es para el disfrute de todos, no para utilizarla para el espionaje… Las puertas traseras en dispositivos son una amenaza para los que somos honrados y honestos”, comentó otro.
Casos similares
El caso de Apple podría ligarse al que surgió esta semana en Brasil por unas comunicaciones de Whatsapp en un caso de drogas. El vicepresidente de Facebook de América Latina fue detenido por incumplir una orden que le obligaba a entregar dicha información. Mark Zuckerberg, el CEO de la compañía, se mostró decepcionado y explicó que Facebook y Whatsapp funcionan de forma independiente, por lo que no disponen de la información que solicitan sobre la aplicación de mensajería. Horas después Diego Dzodan fue puesto en libertad a la espera de la celebración de un juicio.
El gobierno estadounidense también iba contra Apple en un caso de narcotráfico en la ciudad de Nueva York que se resolvió esta semana a favor de la compañía tecnológica. El magistrado que se encargó de este caso, James Orenstein, decidió que el gobierno no podía obligar a Apple a entregar la información del teléfono.
Así, viendo cómo estas grandes compañías tecnológicas eluden órdenes judiciales y ganan recursos, es de destacar la posición dominante que están ejerciendo ante la ley, por lo que su palabra podría tener mucho que decir en la nueva legislación sobre la protección de datos, que se encuentra en negociaciones desde que el Safe Harbor se invalidó.
Por otra parte, también hay casos que tiran de la cuerda hacia el lado del FBI. Este jueves se supo que la tableta Kindle Fire de Amazon, conocida por su precio más que asequible (60 euros), ya no estará cifrada, del mismo modo que no lo estarán el teléfono Fire ni el Stick de televisión, ya que comparten el mismo sistema operativo, el Fire OS 5. Según un portavoz de la compañía, el motivo es que los clientes no usan esas opciones y que la decisión ya se tomó en el momento del lanzamiento de estos productos.
“Mientras Apple lucha por una buena causa, Amazon retira la encriptación como una opción en Fire OS 5”, escribió David Scovetta, miembro de la EFF, una fundación que lucha por la protección de los derechos fundamentales en el mundo digital y que también se había pronunciado a favor de Apple en el caso de San Bernardino.
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