Cuando el tiroteo terminó a la luz de la luna del 18 de enero de 1918, los cuerpos de 15 muchachos y hombres mexicanos no armados de entre 16 y 72 años de edad yacían regados en la maleza río abajo de Porvenir, Texas.
Después de que los asesinos cabalgaron alejándose en la oscuridad, las mujeres aterradas, los niños y otros sobrevivientes huyeron cruzando el Río Bravo. A la mañana siguiente, una mujer vieja llegó de México con una carreta para recuperar los cuerpos.
“La pequeña y callada villa de Porvenir con sus granjas pacíficas y hogares felices ya no existía. Los Rangers y cuatro vaqueros dejaron 42 huérfanos esa noche”, fue el amargo recuento de Henry Warren, el maestro de la escuela local, cuyo suegro, Tiburcio Márquez, falleció en la masacre.
Aunque los esfuerzos tenaces de Warren y otros por encontrar justicia para aquellos asesinados fueron en vano, los fantasmas de Porvenir, Texas se niegan a desvanecerse calladamente en la historia.
Trabajo arqueológico reciente, incluyendo el análisis de las balas y los casquillos encontrados en la escena de las ejecuciones, está volteando de cabeza la —por mucho tiempo aceptada— narrativa histórica del evento.
Los Rangers de Texas habían mantenido que a ellos les dispararon desde la oscuridad cuando se acercaban al poblado, y que habían disparado en defensa propia. La Caballería de Estados Unidos declaró que no habían matado a nadie, sino que encontraron los cuerpos de las víctimas a la mañana siguiente mientras hacían su patrullaje.
Los nuevos hallazgos cuentan una historia diferente.
“Las cosas encontradas donde se cree que ocurrió la masacre sugieren que tanto los militares como los civiles participaron. Las Colts .45 eran típicamente usadas por los civiles y los Rangers. Las armas .30-06 eran típicas del ejército”, aclaró para el San Antonio Express News David Keller, un arqueólogo radicado en Alpine, Texas, quien ha visitado varias veces Porvenir, Texas.
En noviembre, Keller dirigió a un equipo de cuatro arqueólogos en una excavación científica en ese pueblo. Los acompañaron fotógrafos, realizadores de documentales, un historiador y otros.
“La mayoría de la evidencia que encontramos es militar, lo cual no es lo que deberíamos haber hallado de acuerdo con la historia prevaleciente, de que el crimen fue perpetrado por Rangers de Texas y ‘justicieros’ locales”, comentó.
Las balas y casquillos que recuperaron junto con otros que habían encontrado años atrás, fueron enviados al arqueólogo de campos de batalla Douglas D. Scott, mejor conocido por su trabajo de análisis del campo de batalla de Little Bighorn, donde el general Custer perdiera su vida.
La semana pasada, Scott —quien también es un experto en armas de fuego— entregó sus conclusiones basadas en la evidencia balística.
“Asumiendo una pistola por tirador, el análisis del señor Scott sugiere un mínimo de nueve a 10 hombres, seis o siete de los cuales estaban disparando municiones militares mientras que otros tres disparaban balas civiles”, reportó Keller.
Scott también determinó que una de las balas tenía fragmentos de hueso incrustados.
“No podemos aseverar de manera definitiva que es humano, pero considerando el contexto, es probable que sea una bala usada para matar a una persona.
Agregó que las nuevas evidencias arrojan “una duda muy grande“ sobre las declaraciones de que la milicia no había estado directamente involucrada en la masacre.
Cerca de media docena de Rangers de Texas, ganaderos locales y caballería de los Estados Unidos, todos fuertemente armados llegaron a Porvenir, Texas esa noche fatal. La excusa para su visita fue el ataque criminal realizado al Rancho Brite un mes atrás, el día de Navidad.
Sin embargo de acuerdo a Warren, el maestro local de la escuela, culpar a la gente de Porvenir, Texas del ataque fue un cuento muy conveniente.
“La verdad es que los mexicanos estaban en Porvenir, Texas la Navidad de 1917, y el Rancho Brite estaba a unos 65 kilómetros de distancia, sin camino de por medio, ni siquiera una vereda entre los dos lugares”, escribió en su recuento de los hechos.
La masacre de Porvenir, Texas fue una de muchos episodios fatales que involucraron a habitantes de ascendencia mexicana durante la década de la Revolución Mexicana, la cual trajo oleadas de violencia y asaltos a lo largo de la frontera México-Estados Unidos.
El sangriento incidente ahora se muestra en una exhibición llamada “Vida y Muerte en la Frontera: 1910 a 1920” en el Museo Bullock de Austin. Examina las a menudo violentas medidas que usaban los ‘justicieros’ y las autoridades de Estados Unidos.
“Esa década fue testigo de un fuerte incremento en los asesinatos de mexicanos por un grupo de agentes de la ley y gente relacionada con ellos. Matar mexicanos se volvió una idea aceptable”, explicó Trinidad Gonzales, profesor de Historia en la Universidad del Sur de Texas en McAllen.
“El asunto con la masacre de Porvenir es que provocó un incidente internacional. El gobierno mexicano comenzó a cuestionar al Departamento de Estado de los Estados Unidos qué estaba sucediendo”, comentó Gonzales, uno de los estudiosos que preparó la exhibición.
“El resultado inmediato de dicha masacre fue que el gobierno del estado lanzara una investigación sobre la actividad de los Rangers. Las llamamos las audiencias (José) Canales, y la masacre de Porvenir, Texas fue un catalizador”, explicó Gonzales.
Además de protestar a través de canales oficiales, México abrió un juicio interrogatorio en Ojinaga, donde tomó testimonios de los sobrevivientes de Porvenir, Texas, de los cuales se anexaron transcripciones a la investigación Canales.
Unos pocos Rangers de Texas fueron despedidos o renunciaron por este asunto, pero a nadie se le fincaron cargos penales. La caballería básicamente salió libre de toda culpa.
La versión de la masacre que aún se encuentra en el “Manual de Texas”, la historia oficial del estado, cita fuentes que dijeron que “los mexicanos” fueron los culpables de la violencia.
Una fuente acusó a Porvenir, Texas de ser hogar de “ladrones, informantes, espías y asesinos”.
El manual también cita a otros, incluyendo a Warren, quien culpó a los Rangers de la “destrucción mayoritaria de estos mexicanos”.
“El papel que jugó la Caballería de los Estados Unidos no está muy claro”, en las notas de citas del manual, agregando solamente que: “Los reportes de prensa de aquel tiempo afirmaban que el Ejército no había tenido algo que ver en absoluto en ese asunto”.
El historiador y autor Glenn Justice, de 67 años de edad, quien ha pasado tres décadas estudiando los asesinatos y hace 15 años encontró el sitio de los disparos con ayuda de un sobreviviente, está dirigiendo la presión para una reevaluación.
“No he encontrado un solo bandido o ratero en Porvenir, Texas, o evidencia alguna de que ellos hayan tenido algo que ver con el asalto al Rancho Brite. Solamente he encontrado que eran granjeros humildes tratando de evitar la guerra en México.”, declaró.
Solamente un par de viejas pistolas, pero ni un caballo del Rancho Brite ni bienes que fueran evidentemente robados de la tienda del mismo, se pudieron encontrar en la búsqueda de casa en casa realizada en Porvenir, Texas”, comentó.
“Se debe entender que había una guerra civil en Chihuahua, la Revolución Mexicana, en la que más de un millón de gente murió o desapareció. Muchos de los rancheros estadounidenses a lo largo de la frontera tuvieron que abandonar sus casas debido a la violencia”, agregó.
Please let me know if you’re looking for a article author for your site. You have some really great articles and I believe I would be a good asset. If you ever want to take some of the load off, I’d absolutely love to write some material for your blog in exchange for a link back to mine. Please blast me an email if interested. Regards!
Whats up very cool site!! Guy .. Beautiful .. Superb .. I’ll bookmark your blog and take the feeds additionallyKI am happy to find so many useful info right here within the publish, we’d like work out more techniques in this regard, thanks for sharing. . . . . .
Thank you, I’ve just been looking for info about this topic for ages and yours is the best I’ve discovered so far. But, what about the bottom line? Are you sure about the source?
My brother suggested I would possibly like this website. He was once entirely right. This post actually made my day. You can not imagine just how a lot time I had spent for this information! Thank you!
Can I just say what a relief to search out someone who truly knows what theyre talking about on the internet. You positively know the right way to carry a problem to gentle and make it important. More people need to learn this and understand this side of the story. I cant believe youre no more standard since you undoubtedly have the gift.
Its good as your other articles : D, thankyou for posting. “The real hero is always a hero by mistake he dreams of being an honest coward like everybody else.” by Umberto Eco.
Yesterday, while I was at work, my sister stole my apple ipad and tested to see if it can survive a 40 foot drop, just so she can be a youtube sensation. My iPad is now destroyed and she has 83 views. I know this is completely off topic but I had to share it with someone!
I think other site proprietors should take this web site as an model, very clean and great user friendly style and design, as well as the content. You are an expert in this topic!
Hello, i believe that i noticed you visited my site thus i came to “go back the choose”.I am attempting to in finding issues to enhance my site!I assume its adequate to use some of your ideas!!
Very interesting information!Perfect just what I was looking for!
Hiya, I’m really glad I have found this info. Today bloggers publish only about gossips and internet and this is really irritating. A good web site with interesting content, this is what I need. Thank you for keeping this web-site, I’ll be visiting it. Do you do newsletters? Can not find it.
I am not certain where you are getting your info, but great topic. I needs to spend a while learning much more or working out more. Thanks for great info I used to be looking for this info for my mission.
Hey there would you mind sharing which blog platform you’re working with? I’m going to start my own blog in the near future but I’m having a hard time selecting between BlogEngine/Wordpress/B2evolution and Drupal. The reason I ask is because your design and style seems different then most blogs and I’m looking for something unique. P.S Sorry for getting off-topic but I had to ask!
Hey! Someone in my Myspace group shared this website with us so I came to look it over. I’m definitely enjoying the information. I’m bookmarking and will be tweeting this to my followers! Terrific blog and excellent style and design.
I am just commenting to make you understand what a terrific encounter my wife’s child enjoyed browsing your webblog. She came to understand too many things, not to mention how it is like to have an incredible coaching mood to let certain people without problems know just exactly specific complicated things. You undoubtedly surpassed our desires. Many thanks for churning out the productive, trusted, informative and in addition cool tips about that topic to Evelyn.
I would like to thnkx for the efforts you’ve put in writing this website. I’m hoping the same high-grade website post from you in the upcoming also. Actually your creative writing abilities has inspired me to get my own blog now. Really the blogging is spreading its wings fast. Your write up is a good example of it.
Hi there, I found your blog via Google while searching for a related topic, your website came up, it looks good. I’ve bookmarked it in my google bookmarks.
Great article! We will be linking to this great post on our site.
Keep up the great writing.
Hi! Do you use Twitter? I’d like to follow you if that would be okay.
I’m undoubtedly enjoying your blog and look
forward to new posts.
Appreciation to my father who informed me on the topic
of this blog, this website is truly amazing.
There is definately a great deal to find out about this topic.
I love all of the points you made.
My spouse and I absolutely love your blog and find the majority of your post’s to be just what I’m looking for.
Do you offer guest writers to write content for
you personally? I wouldn’t mind composing a post or elaborating on a few
of the subjects you write regarding here. Again, awesome web site!
Match deposit bonuses are the frequent type of welcomee provide, and
we will take a appearr at this 1st.
Have a look at mmy web-site get more info
Thiis info is fom a assessment in The Nursing Clinics of North America.
My webpage :: 스웨디시마사지
I was recommended this web site by my cousin. I am not sure whether this post is written by him
as nobody else know such detailed about my trouble. You’re wonderful!
Thanks!
What i don’t realize is in reality how you are no longer really a lot more neatly-favored than you may be right now.
You’re very intelligent. You already know therefore considerably when it comes to this matter, made me personally imagine it from a lot of varied
angles. Its like men and women don’t seem to be
involved unless it’s something to do with Woman gaga!
Your own stuffs outstanding. All the time take care of it
up!
I like it when people come together and share ideas.
Great website, continue the good work!
Of them, 257 had been hired by a organizationn in Korea,
while 189 continued their education rght here.
my web blog: 이지알바
You’re raring to go—and all you want to do is pack in your
day job, to give your side hustle all your energy.
My blog post :: 밤알바
A Traditional Thai Massage ($75/hour) works wonders, but for those with severe mjscle aches, the Thai Herb Massage ($95/hour) is also a solid
choice.
My blog pot :: 스웨디시
It ought to come as no surprise that particular scdents are regularly
connrcted to a cosier bedroom setting.
Here is my page :: 스웨디시
The job was demanding, and the firm barely paid
overtime even when she had to operate all night.
myblog: 밤알바 직업소개소
Fantastic beat ! I would like to apprentice while you
amend your site, how can i subscribe forr a blo weeb site?
The account helped me a acceptable deal. I had been tiny bit acquainted
of this your broadcast offered bright clear concept
My site :: 마사지알바
She’s also a life coach encouraging other physicians to find balance in their skilled and
private lives.
Here is myy blog – website
State lawmakers in 2018 supplied $50 million in annual dollars to the colleges to increase full-time faculty ranks and then upped
that in 2021 too $150 million annually.
Here is myy web blog: 텐카페알바
Just days following the expo concluded, the Korean government released the most up-to-date information on causes of
death for 2018.
Feel free to surf to my web page: 이지알바
The
Feel free to visit my blog post … 경남 스웨디시
No sporting maan has time to mess around, that is why
we appreciate the time-saver of having a shampoo and conditioner
rolled into one particular.
Here is my homepage :: 울산 스웨디시
When you have dealt with your poor credsit score, you ccan loan up to $50,000.
My web site; 대환 대출
Yes! Finally someone writes about website.
The healing practice was initially from India, then lwter introduced in Thailand exactly where it
was merged with Chinese medicine.
Also visit my webpage – 스웨디시 할인정보
Your credit score and capacity tto repay the negative redit loan will be
the primary determinants of interest rate.
My webpage :: 소액대출
Let me give you a thumbs up man. Can I with heart reach out amazing values and if you want to have a checkout and
also share valuable info about how to make passive
income yalla lready know follow me my fellow commenters!.
Yes! Finally someone writes about Los Angeles Hype.
The loan amounts vriety from $100 to $750 per day orr period, based on your revcenue and payment
schedule.
Review my web site :: 대출 직빵
You can decide on to apply for tthe quantity you hawve to have over a time that suits you.
My web page; 연체자 대출
Great weblog here! Additionally your website loads up very fast!
What host are you the use of? Can I am getting your affiliate hyperlink in your
host? I wish my web site loaded up as fast as yours lol
Let me give you a thumbs up man. Can I tell you exactly how
to do amazing values and if you want to really findout?
and also share valuable info about how
to get connected to girls easily and quick yalla lready know follow me my fellow commenters!.
Its like you read my mind! You appear to know a lot about this, like you wrote the book in it or something. I think that you can do with a few pics to drive the message home a little bit, but instead of that, this is fantastic blog. A great read. I’ll definitely be back.
It was poited out that the lawyers, who have been as well luxurious for complaining about the hardships of life, contradicted each and every other.
Feel free to visit my web site :: 유흥알바
Senca Niagara delivers sumptuous surroundings and a entire new
mindset!
Also visit my web-site: webpage
These bonusess are all linked to licensed casinos in your location.
Here is myy web-site: website
I am actually delighted to glance at this web site posts which
contains lots of helpful facts, thanks for providing such data.
I want to use my resources to support those in need and make a difference.
When we share good information, we all benefit.
I love your blog.. very nice colors & theme. Did you make
this website yourself or did you hire someone to
do it for you? Plz respond as I’m looking to create my own blog and
would like to find out where u got this from. thanks a lot
The two men and women agreed to split the prize if they won, lottery
officials said.
Feel free to visit my page :: 힘쎈공
Gambling from the comfort of your personal prperty is straightforward tto ddo in New
York.
Also visit my page :: 해외토토사이트
Thiis sportsbook has substantial protection systems in spot, such aas 128-bit
SSL encryption, EU GDPR protocol compliance, and UKGC and MGA licenses.
My web-site – en.youstone.com
Numerous of these websites also give sports betting and horse racing betting.
Here iis my web blog 온라인바카라
There are presently no collesge sports teams left inn Maryland to wager on.
Feel free to surf to my website :: 토토사이트추천
There’s a brand new FanDuel promo code supply obtainable for all new
members, and we’ve broken down how to claim yyours to usee on the RBC Heritage.
Also visit my webpage: click here
Irrespective of no matter if a capture was made or not, the
turn passes to the next player.
Feel free to surf to my webpage :: 바카라
The Player Rewards Club is the official rewards progrm at Talking Stick Resort and Casino Arizona.
Feel free to srf to my homepage – check here
Can I show my graceful appreciation and show you exactly how to
do really good stuff and if you want to really findout?
Let me tell you a brief about how to make a fortune I am always here for yall you know that
right?
It’s enormous that you are getting ideas from this post as well as from
our dialogue made at this place.
If that is nnot offered, players can still use distinctive currencies sych as USD or the EUR.
Look into my blog: click here
These names contain NetEnt, Microgaming, Play’n Go, Pragmatic Play, Yggdrasil aand Evolution Gaming.
my weeb blog … 온라인카지노
Download the most current C.A.R. mobile apps, such as CARmojis
& Stickers, C.A.R., Legal Hotline, CA REALTOR® EXPO, and zipForm Mobile.
my blog; 동행파워볼
So just before going on a shoping spree, there is 1 caveat you
should know.
Here iss mmy web-site 파워볼중계
There is definately a lot to find out about this subject. I like all the points you’ve made.
Also, there is excellent news for thoise who can’t retain track of their installments.
my website 대환대출
For instance, ClearViewLoans presents $200 to $five,000 even though
Avvant delivers $two,000 to $35,000.
Heere is my blog – 대출 몽
Whenn the user invokes this opt out, an OptOutError is returned to the caller to indicate
the user’s intent to opt
my homepage – 로터볼
Thhe business gives brief-term and extended-term loans, but
only for a limiuted time.
Allso visit my site: 직장인대출
Why users still use to read news papers when in this technological globe all is available on web?
Due to the lack of collateral, personal loan amounts are commonly smallrr sized than secuted loan amounts.
Stop by my blig :: 연체자 대출
Hi there just wanted to give you a quick heads up. The text in your content seem to be running off the screen in Ie.
I’m not sure if this is a format issue or something to do with internet browser compatibility but I thought I’d
post to let you know. The style and design look
great though! Hope you get the problem fixed soon. Thanks
These mobile gambling alternatives perform on Android,iPhone and other smartphones,as effectively as iPads and tablets.
Feel free tto visit my blog post 바카라
Amongst them are a number of casinos advertised here, for instance,
Leo Vegas.
Review my web-site … 온라인바카라
That mentioned, we’ve chosen the top rated on the web casino bonuses
that come with fair wagering specifications.
Stop byy my web blog … 온라인카지노
Gaming page to understand about healthier gambling habits and safeguarding tools you can location.
Also visit my blog; website
There may be noticeably a bundle to know about this. I assume you made sure good factors in features also.
Would you be fascinated by exchanging links?
You need to take part in a contest for one of the best sites on the net.
I am going to highly recommend this web site!
Good write-up, I’m regular visitor of one’s site, maintain up the excellent operate, and It is going to be a regular visitor for a lengthy time.
That is really fascinating, You’re an excessively skilled blogger. I’ve joined your feed and stay up for in the hunt for more of your wonderful post. Additionally, I have shared your web site in my social networks!
It is in reality a great and helpful piece of information. I?¦m satisfied that you simply shared this helpful info with us. Please stay us up to date like this. Thanks for sharing.
Thank you for another informative site. Where else could I get that type of info written in such a perfect way? I have a project that I am just now working on, and I have been on the look out for such information.
F*ckin¦ awesome issues here. I¦m very satisfied to see your post. Thank you a lot and i am taking a look ahead to touch you. Will you please drop me a e-mail?
I always was concerned in this topic and stock still am, regards for putting up.
Wonderful blog! I found it while browsing on Yahoo News. Do you have any suggestions on how to get listed in Yahoo News? I’ve been trying for a while but I never seem to get there! Thanks
I got what you intend, thanks for posting.Woh I am delighted to find this website through google.
I have been absent for some time, but now I remember why I used to love this web site. Thanks , I¦ll try and check back more frequently. How frequently you update your site?
Yeah bookmaking this wasn’t a bad determination great post! .
Woah! I’m really enjoying the template/theme of this blog. It’s simple, yet effective. A lot of times it’s tough to get that “perfect balance” between user friendliness and visual appearance. I must say you have done a amazing job with this. In addition, the blog loads super fast for me on Internet explorer. Outstanding Blog!
Have you ever thought about publishing an ebook or guest authoring on other websites? I have a blog centered on the same information you discuss and would really like to have you share some stories/information. I know my audience would enjoy your work. If you are even remotely interested, feel free to shoot me an e mail.
I am continually invstigating online for articles that can aid me. Thank you!
Hello, i think that i saw you visited my web site thus i came to “return the favor”.I’m attempting to find things to enhance my web site!I suppose its ok to use some of your ideas!!
I’ve been absent for a while, but now I remember why I used to love this website. Thanks , I will try and check back more often. How frequently you update your web site?
Hello, i feel that i noticed you visited my site thus i came to “return the desire”.I am trying to find things to enhance my site!I guess its good enough to make use of a few of your ideas!!
Pretty! This was a really wonderful post. Thank you for your provided information.
Good – I should definitely pronounce, impressed with your website. I had no trouble navigating through all tabs as well as related info ended up being truly simple to do to access. I recently found what I hoped for before you know it at all. Reasonably unusual. Is likely to appreciate it for those who add forums or anything, site theme . a tones way for your client to communicate. Nice task.
I like what you guys are up too. Such intelligent work and reporting! Keep up the superb works guys I¦ve incorporated you guys to my blogroll. I think it will improve the value of my website 🙂